Cell metabolism, or cell metabolism, is a set of chemical reactions that take place inside a cell to maintain its vital functions. It includes the processes of nutrients intake, their conversion into energy, the synthesis of new molecules, as well as the removal of decay products. It is thanks to cellular metabolism that the cell grows, renews, performs its functions and responds to external stimuli.
Metabolic processes in the cell are divided into catabolism (the breakdown of complex substances with the release of energy) and anabolism (the synthesis of new cellular components with energy consumption). For example, glucose in a cell can be broken down into water and carbon dioxide to form ATP molecules, a universal source of energy for cells. In turn, anabolic reactions allow the cell to build proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and other important structures.
Failures in cell metabolism can lead to disruption of organs and systems, the development of metabolic diseases, aging or oncological processes. Therefore, maintaining a normal metabolism is a key element in maintaining health. Cellular metabolism is affected by nutrition, physical activity, hormonal balance, oxygen levels, and the effects of toxins or drugs.