Terpenes are a large group of organic compounds that consist of isoprene molecules (C₅H₈) and are the basis for the formation of essential oils, resins and other biologically active substances. They are synthesized mainly in plants, where they perform protective functions, attract pollinators and participate in the regulation of physiological processes. Terpenes are the main components of many aromatic plants, such as lavender, conifers, citrus fruits, and rosemary.
Terpenes are classified according to the number of isoprene units:
- Monoterpenes (2 isoprene units) are the basis of many essential oils, such as limonene and menthol.
- Sesquiterpenes (3 isoprene units) have a more complex aroma, for example, farnesene.
- Diterpenes (4 isoprene units) are often found in resins.
- Triterpenes and tetraterpenes include carotenoids that are important for living organisms.
Terpenes have a wide range of biological activity. They are known for their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and soothing properties. In medicine and pharmaceuticals, terpenes are used as antiseptics, expectorants, sedatives and for the synthesis of drugs. They also find applications in cosmetology, the food industry, and aromatherapy due to their pleasant aromas and therapeutic effects.